Method overriding and method overloading

Let’s break down method overriding and method overloading clearly and compare them. These are concepts in object-oriented programming (OOP), commonly in languages like Java, C++, and C#. 1. Method Overriding Definition:Method overriding occurs when a subclass (child class) provides its own implementation of a method that is already defined in its superclass (parent class).…

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Primitive type casting in Java

In Java, primitive type casting is converting one primitive data type into another.It’s split into two categories: widening (implicit) and narrowing (explicit) casting. 1. Widening Casting (Implicit) Also called type promotion — smaller types automatically convert to larger types without data loss. Order of promotion:byte → short → int → long → float →…

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Pass by value vs pass by reference for methods in Java

In Java, when you talk about "pass by value" vs "pass by reference" for methods, the key point is: Java is always pass-by-value — but what is passed by value depends on the type of variable. 1. Pass-by-Value (for primitives) When you pass a primitive type (int, double, char, boolean, etc.) to a method:…

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Wrapper classes in Java

In Java, wrapper classes are special classes that let you treat primitive data types as objects. They "wrap" a primitive value in an object so it can be used where an object is required (for example, in collections like ArrayList that can’t store primitives directly). 1. Primitive Types & Their Wrapper Classes Primitive typeWrapper…

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Proxy Design Pattern in Java

Introduction The Proxy Design Pattern is a structural design pattern that provides a surrogate or placeholder for another object to control access to it. This pattern is useful when creating objects is resource-intensive, or when access to the real object needs to be controlled or restricted. Purpose The main goal of the Proxy Pattern…

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Facade Design Pattern in Java

What is the Facade Pattern? The Facade Pattern is a structural design pattern that provides a simplified interface to a complex subsystem. It hides the complexities of the system and provides a cleaner and easier-to-use API to the client. Intent Provide a unified, high-level interface to a set of interfaces in a subsystem. Make…

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Prototype Design Pattern in Java

The Prototype Pattern is a creational design pattern that enables you to create object copies (clones) without depending on their concrete classes. Purpose Avoid the cost of creating a new object from scratch. Simplify object creation when it’s complex or time-consuming. Duplicate objects dynamically at runtime. Components Prototype InterfaceDeclares a clone() method. Concrete PrototypeImplements…

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JWT (JSON Web Token) in Software Development: A Complete Guide

Introduction to JWT JSON Web Token (JWT) is a compact, URL-safe token format that is used for securely transmitting information between parties as a JSON object. JWT is widely used for authentication and authorization purposes in web applications and APIs. Unlike traditional session-based authentication, JWT allows for stateless authentication, meaning that no session data…

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The Future of VPNs: Trends and Predictions for 2025

As we move further into the digital age, VPNs (Virtual Private Networks) continue to evolve to meet the changing needs of users and the challenges of online security. Here’s a look at the emerging trends and predictions for VPN technology in 2025. 1. Enhanced Privacy Features Advanced Encryption Standards: VPNs will adopt even stronger…

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How to Troubleshoot Common VPN Issues: Solutions for Connection Problems

Using a VPN (Virtual Private Network) can sometimes lead to connection issues, which can be frustrating. Understanding how to troubleshoot these common problems can help you get back to a secure and private browsing experience quickly. Here’s a guide to solving common VPN issues. 1. VPN Connection Drops Check Your Internet Connection: Ensure your…

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