In Spring, the Validator interface is used for custom validation logic on objects, typically before saving them to a database or processing user input. 🧩 Purpose Validate fields of a Java object (e.g., form input). Can implement complex rules not possible with simple annotations (@NotNull, @Size). Works with Spring MVC’s @Valid or programmatically. Key…
Spring Web Request Lifecycle — describes the sequence of steps an HTTP request goes through in a Spring (Boot) application from arrival to response. 🧩 Lifecycle Steps Client sends HTTP requestBrowser, mobile app, or client sends request to the server. Servlet Container (Tomcat/Jetty)The request hits the Servlet container, which delegates it to DispatcherServlet. DispatcherServlet…
Spring Caching — a framework feature that allows you to store method results in cache to improve performance and reduce database or computation load. 🧩 Purpose When a cached method is called with the same parameters again, Spring returns the cached result instead of executing the method. Basic Example: @Service public class UserService {…
@JsonIgnore — a Jackson annotation used to exclude a field or method from JSON serialization or deserialization. 🧩 Purpose Prevents sensitive or unnecessary data from appearing in JSON responses or being read from incoming JSON. Example: public class User { private String username; @JsonIgnore private String password; // getters & setters } public class…
@SpringBootTest — used to load the entire Spring application context for integration testing in Spring Boot. 🧩 Purpose It allows you to test your app as it would run in production — with all beans, configurations, and environment loaded. Example: @SpringBootTest class UserServiceTest { @Autowired private UserService userService; @Test void testCreateUser() { User user…
@PreFilter & @PostFilter are Spring Security annotations used to filter collections or arrays before or after a method executes — based on security expressions. 🧩 @PreFilter Filters input collection before the method runs. Example: @PreFilter("filterObject.owner == authentication.name") public void deleteFiles(List<File> files) { // only files owned by current user remain in 'files' files.forEach(fileRepo::delete); }…
Spring Security ContextThe SecurityContext in Spring Security holds the authentication and security-related details (like the logged-in user, roles, etc.) for the current thread of execution. It’s stored in a ThreadLocal, so each request has its own context. Example: import org.springframework.security.core.Authentication; import org.springframework.security.core.context.SecurityContextHolder; @RestController public class UserController { @GetMapping("/me") public String getCurrentUser() { Authentication auth…
🔹 1️⃣ String.trim() The classic method for removing whitespace from both ends of a string. Syntax: String trimmed = str.trim(); String trimmed = str.trim(); Behavior: Removes leading and trailing whitespace. Whitespace includes:spaces (' '), tabs ('\t'), newlines ('\n'), carriage returns ('\r'). ✅ Example: String s = " Hello World! "; System.out.println(s.trim()); String s =…
🔹 1️⃣ What Is a Static Block? A static block (also called a static initializer) is a block of code inside a class that is executed when the class is loaded into memory. Runs only once, regardless of how many objects you create. Can be used to initialize static variables or perform class-level setup.…
In Java, asynchronous methods are methods that start a task and return immediately, allowing the program to continue executing without waiting for the task to finish. This is useful for I/O operations, network calls, or long-running computations. Java provides several ways to implement asynchronous methods. 1️⃣ Using CompletableFuture (Java 8+) The modern and recommended…