The Java Streams API (introduced in Java 8) provides a modern, functional-style way to process collections of data. It allows you to work with sequences of elements (like List, Set, or arrays) using declarative operations such as filtering, mapping, reducing, collecting, and more, while supporting parallel execution. Key Concepts Stream: A sequence of elements…
A lambda expression in Java is a way to write shorter code for implementing interfaces that have a single abstract method (called functional interfaces). It was introduced in Java 8 to make code more concise and readable, especially when working with APIs like Streams or event listeners. General Syntax: (parameters) -> expression (parameters) ->…
A Functional Interface in Java 8 is an interface that has exactly one abstract method (SAM – Single Abstract Method). It can have any number of default and static methods, but only one abstract method. Functional interfaces are the foundation of Lambda Expressions and Method References in Java 8. ✅ Key Points Only one…
In Java, method references provide a concise way to refer to methods or constructors without executing them. They are part of Java 8’s lambda expressions feature and are used mainly with functional interfaces. Method references make code shorter and more readable. Syntax There are four types of method references: Reference to a static method…
In Java, Optional is a container object introduced in Java 8 that may or may not contain a non-null value. It is primarily used to avoid NullPointerException and to make code more readable by explicitly handling the presence or absence of values. Here’s a thorough breakdown: 1. Creating an Optional import java.util.Optional; public class…
java.time is Java’s modern date and time API, introduced in Java 8 to replace the older java.util.Date and java.util.Calendar classes. It’s part of the Java Time API (JSR-310) and is more consistent, immutable, and thread-safe. Let me walk you through the main classes with examples. 1. LocalDate – Date without time Represents a date…
In Java 8, interfaces were enhanced significantly with the introduction of default methods and static methods. Earlier, interfaces could only declare abstract methods (implicitly public abstract) and constants (implicitly public static final). 🔹 1. Default Methods in Interfaces A default method is a method in an interface that has a body and uses the…
🔹 What is an Iterator? An Iterator in Java is an object that allows you to traverse (iterate) through a collection (like ArrayList, HashSet, etc.) one element at a time.It is part of the java.util package and is the standard way to loop through collections when you don’t want to use traditional loops. 🔹…
In Java, a Map is a data structure that stores key–value pairs. Each key is unique, but values can be duplicated. Maps are part of the Java Collections Framework, but they are not a subtype of Collection. Instead, they are their own interface in java.util. Here’s a breakdown: Map Interface Found in java.util. Represents…
In Java, a List is an ordered collection (also called a sequence) that allows duplicate elements. It is part of the Java Collections Framework and is defined in the java.util package. 🔑 Key Points about Lists They maintain insertion order. Can contain duplicate elements. Elements can be accessed via index (zero-based). Lists are dynamic…